/Heart Failure/ - Braunwald's Heart Disease, 9th edition: Expert Consult

Part IV – Heart Failure

Chapter 24 – Mechanisms of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation

Lionel H. Opie,
Gerd Hasenfuss

MICROANATOMY OF CONTRACTILE CELLS AND PROTEINS, 459

		Ultrastructure of Contractile Cells, 459
		Contractile Proteins, 460
		Myofilament Response to Hemodynamic Demands, 465

CALCIUM ION FLUXES IN CARDIAC CONTRACTION-RELAXATION CYCLE, 465

		Calcium Movements and Excitation-Contraction Coupling, 465
		Calcium Release and Uptake by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 465
		Calcium Uptake by SERCA into the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 467

SARCOLEMMAL CONTROL OF CALCIUM AND SODIUM IONS, 468

		Calcium and Sodium Channels, 468
		Ion Exchangers and Pumps, 468

BETA-ADRENERGIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS, 469

		Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes, 469
		G Proteins, 469
		Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors, 470
		Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate and Protein Kinase A, 471
		Physiologic Switch-Off and Beta-Arrestin Signaling, 472
		Beta₂- and Beta₃-Adrenergic Effects, 473

CHOLINERGIC AND NITRIC OXIDE SIGNALING, 473

		Cholinergic Signaling, 473
		Nitric Oxide, the Ubiquitous Messenger, …