Henry B. Burch,
Rebecca S. Bahn
Chapter 81 – Graves’ Ophthalmopathy
Graves’ ophthalmopathy occurs as a spectrum of disease ranging from subclinical enlargement of the extraocular muscles in most patients with this condition to disfiguring and vision-threatening involvement of the entire orbit in an unfortunate few. Although the diagnosis of ophthalmopathy in patients with Graves’ disease may precede, accompany, or follow that of hyperthyroidism, eye involvement generally is diagnosed concurrently with or after the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis