Full-size Left-side Hidden
Chapter 81 – Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

Henry B. Burch,
Rebecca S. Bahn

  Epidemiology
  Pathogenesis
  Mechanical Factors
  Predisposing Influences
  The Orbital Autoimmune Response
  Orbital Immune Targets

  History and Examination
  History of the Present Illness
  The Past Ophthalmic History
  Examination of the Eye: An Ophthalmic Evaluation for the Nonophthalmologist
  Formal Ophthalmology Testing

  Differential Diagnosis
  Natural History
  Therapy
  Local Measures
  Immunomodulatory Therapy
  Nonimmunomodulatory Therapy
  Surgical Treatment for Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

  Summary

Graves’ ophthalmopathy occurs as a spectrum of disease ranging from subclinical enlargement of the extraocular muscles in most patients with this condition to disfiguring and vision-threatening involvement of the entire orbit in an unfortunate few. Although the diagnosis of ophthalmopathy in patients with Graves’ disease may precede, accompany, or follow that of hyperthyroidism, eye involvement generally is diagnosed concurrently with or after the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis